Among the most beneficial oils for the hair, this oil is made from the nuts of the Moroccan argan tree. This tree has been employed by the Berbere people for centuries to produce food and cosmetic oils. This oil is the result of the extraction of the oil from the nuts of the argan tree used in different cosmetic treatments especially for the hair and skin.
This oil has a special composition that grants many useful properties for the whole human body. It has a high nutritional value. It is a rich source of tocoferol, carotenes, phytosterols, high levels of phytosterols, phenolic compounds and fatty acids, comprised mainly by oleic acid and linoleic acid. The oil offers antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging and anti-hypercholesterolemic effects. These properties are very useful for the prevention and treatment of different diseases of the skin or the hair.
The oil is incorporated in many cosmetic products for hair that offer different functions to solve the complaints or conditions of the hair. Its application presents some benefits for treating hair loss, hair damage, scalp or hair dryness, and dandruff. Besides, the anti-itch activity allows the use of this oil to treat some conditions related to allergies. The benefits of the oil can be used alone as pure oil or integrated into cosmetic formulas. The pure oil can be applied topically optimally with a light massage at the hair level since this action could improve the penetration of the oil in the scalp or the hair. The oil can be used also in the food industry as oil for cooking or raw as dressing.
2. History of Moroccan Oil
For centuries, Berber women of Morocco’s Atlas Mountains and the surrounding desert area have indulged in the rich moisture and amazing healing properties of Moroccan Oil. In fact, Berber women were the very first to discover the magic of Argan oil, as it is also called. It wasn’t until recently that the Western world got wind of this life’s miracle oil. It is a known fact that the Berber women have used the pure oil extracted from the Argan nut for skin ailments, scalp conditions, healing and beautifying hair, or even the simple task of keeping their skin glowing in the intense desert heat. This oil has also increased in popularity in the culinary field as more and more people learn about the health benefits of Omega-6 oils. As this rich oil has everything health professionals and cosmetic chemists have been striving to create for years, it is not surprising that this age old Moroccan secret is now being used in skin and hair products everywhere around the world.
The Argania Spinosa trees, from which this beautiful nut is harvested, are located in the southwestern region of Morocco and are very distinctive due to their drought resisting capability. For centuries, the indigenous Berber people have been using these trees for shelter, nutrition, and animal fodder. The trees, on average, grow to be about 8 to 10 meters tall and take over 30 years to bear fruit and start producing the Argan nuts which will make the famous Moroccan Oil. Unlike most other nuts that grow on trees, the Argan nuts grow in clusters on the Argan tree and are the size of a small olive. Each of these nuts can yield several species of oil. Once the nuts are harvested, they are further processed to separate the fruit from the inner shell that contains the seeds which are then cold pressed to extract the base oil.
3. Extraction Process
The production of argan oil is subject to a traditional process that discounts the use of moderately sophisticated equipment as well as a modern one only intended for oil production on a vast scale that favors efficiency over quality. Although different methods have been used throughout time, the quality of the oil depends greatly on the careful selection of the method according to what is desired as a final product, i.e., the taste and health aspects or the aesthetic characteristics. The artisanal process basically consists of the operations summarized below: the traditional method is called cold extraction and the modern one hot extraction.
3.1. Traditional Methods
Generally, the traditional method consists of the following steps: Selection of the nuts. The nuts are picked especially from the ground, cleaning, and drying since they stay for a while on the ground after falling from the tree. All process steps are labor-intensive, selecting the nuts and nut shells is mainly done by hand and involve a mechanical or pneumatic operation for both the roasting and the milling. The selection of the nuts is an operation that separates the good nuts from the rotten, insected, or even bad nuts. Nuts have different colors and sizes which depend on the variety. In Morocco, there are two main varieties of argan: Sativum (small nuts and high oil content) and Spinosum (big nuts and less oil content).
3.2. Modern Techniques
Argan oil extraction was traditionally performed by women for the household, requiring a time of artisanal work since ancient times and following the solar cycle. The steps involve storage for several weeks to dry nuts, cracking by hand, roasting, grinding, emulsifying, paste cooking, and exploiting the oil released. The production of edible argan oil requires a long process that lasts from 15 hours up to 2 days. In general in the south of Morocco, the roasted oil is used for cooking and the unroasted argan oil, with a bitter taste, is utilized to fulfill pharmaceutical and cosmetic properties.
3.1. Traditional Methods
Moroccan oil is a precious product derived from the seed kernels of the argan tree and locally produced by Moroccan producers. The argan tree is a tree native to Morocco; it is a drought-resistant tree that grows only in the protected area of southwestern Morocco. The argan tree provides food and sustenance for generations of Moroccan families. The argan fruit is eaten by animals, and the leaves provide shade and animal fodder during the long and hot summer months.
For centuries, Berber women in Morocco have passed down the know-how of semi-wild argan cultivation and fruit harvesting and have transferred their skills related to oil extraction. They have traditionally used manual labor to pick the fruit when the pulpy flesh is mature, dry the fruit, extract the seeds from the fruit, remove the hard shell from the seeds, extract the oil from the seeds, and produce both the edible and cosmetic oil by cold expression methods. Recent methods, however, have involved machines for some specific tasks, such as the initial peeling away of the tough outer flesh of the argan fruit using machines that dry the fruit, which have made the traditional manual labor less labor-intensive. These traditional physical methods remain popular with women, who have been organized into cooperative programs to exploit and commercialize argan oil production. They produce cosmetic and edible argan oil for both local use and export.
There are still women who do not belong to cooperatives and produce oil for family use. The high value of both edible and cosmetic argan oils gives them the economic strength to cultivate and harvest the argan tree sustainably, protect the tree and its ecosystem from exploitation, and preserve the environment and the local Berber culture.
3.2. Modern Techniques
Demand for Moroccan oil has increased globally over the last two decades and with this comes both advancement in extraction technology as well as concerns about sustainability. Moroccan oil is now a common ingredient in skin, nail, and hair care products worldwide due to its long shelf life, nutritional value, and versatility. As a result, this ancient tree has been exploited to the point of possible extinction. Although the extraction of oil from the seeds of Moroccan oil has much industrial and economic interest, insufficient research has focused on extraction processes and conditions. Various methods such as cold pressing, hexane extraction, supercritical CO2 extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction methods are often used in the food and cosmetic industry. Different extraction methods including cold pressing, solvent extraction, supercritical CO2 extraction, and microwave methods and also the role of seed drying pretreatments on oil recovery are referred. These extraction methods showed that oil recovery by traditional cold pressing technique results in higher oil yields compared to those obtained with other classic methods of oil extraction. In the present review, the recent research progress in the field of extraction and biodiesel and cosmetic product applications of Moroccan oil is reported. The information provided will undoubtedly be useful for scientists or entrepreneurs wishing to explore the potentials of Moroccan oil. It is suggested that future exploration of biodiesel and cosmetic products involving Moroccan oil must continue to focus on sustainability and refining technologies with the objective of maximizing oil yield, while minimizing environmental impacts.
4. Chemical Composition
Moroccan oil, extracted from the nuts of the argan tree, is characterized by high nutritional and cosmetic value. Its composition differentiates it from the oils from other sources. Moroccan oil is composed of palmityc, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidic, behenic, docosenoic, and heptadecanoic acids; in addition, it contains palmitic and stearic alcohols. Linoleic and oleic acids appear in high concentrations, and alkylglycerols were detected in low concentrations. Its nutritive properties are attributed primarily to its physicochemical composition, especially to the high content of linoleic acid and to the presence of tocopherols and phytosterols. Moroccan oil is rich in vitamin E, which has antioxidant properties. Phytosterols and acids present in Moroccan oil are also fundamental in skin repair. The quantity of oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid with skin-penetration enhancing properties, is also of great importance.
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with hydrogen chains that are free or part of triglycerides, phospholipids, or sphingolipids. They are required daily by the human body. They are used as energy sources and are the structural components of biological membranes. They are also precursors for the biosynthesis of several hormones and lipid mediators responsible for different functions, such as blood pressure regulation, immune function, and inflammatory response. Fatty acids present in the membranes of various cells are capable of regulating many cellular functions, such as membrane fluidity and function of the enzymes and signal proteins found in membranes. These cellular events have correlated changes in the content of fatty acids, and this correlation has been used to establish a connection with certain diseases.
The vitamin and antioxidant contents of an oil are often used as an acceptable indication of its quality. Vitamins and antioxidants in Moroccan oil are tocopherols and phenolic compounds. Tocopherols are derivatives of tocol. It contains a phenolic nucleus and a long chain composed of a saturated phytyl group. They have several functions, such as an essential role in membrane glycerophospholipid antioxidant activity, and have been used in several chemical applications, such as food and cosmetic preservation.
4.1. Fatty Acids
To date, more than 76 different fatty acids have been identified in Moroccan oil, with palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and behenic being the principal ones. The similarity between the fatty acid contents of Moroccan oil and of other natural oils suggests that Moroccan oil can be used efficiently in various industrial applications, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. As a consequence of the differences in plant species and/or growing conditions, however, the composition and properties of the oil can vary considerably. Furthermore, the oil contains a large quantity of free fatty acids, accounting for 35.94% of the total fatty acid content.
These fatty acids can be classified into saturates, monounsaturates, and polyunsaturates, accounting for 21.57% (including behenic fatty acid), 49.35%, and 28.07% of the total, respectively; palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, and behenic fatty acids are the major saturates, monounsaturates, and polyunsaturates, respectively. The oil can also be classified as an oleic + linoleic acid-rich oil. The fatty acids listed above are contained mainly in the form of glycerol esters. However, Moroccan oil, which also contains omega-9, omega-6, and omega-3 fatty acids, can be used as a source of natural oil beneficial to health and rich in unsaturated fatty acids. This oil can thus be considered an important ingredient of functional foods and nutritional supplements.
4.2. Vitamins and Antioxidants
5. The Benefits and Applications of Moroccan Oil 5.1. Personal Care
Maybe Morocco is best known for its spices and the hospitality of the Moroccan people, but for years, Moroccan oil has drawn cosmopolitan society’s fascinating attention. What is the source of it? Is it a fairy-tale land’s gift? Actually, Moroccan oil, also called Argan oil, is derived from the nuts of Argan tree that only grow in the southwestern region of Morocco; the reputation gained is not occasional.
4.1. Fatty Acids
Moroccan oil possesses various unique properties. In addition to the special flavor it gives to food and the medicinal effects, including anticancer effect, mental relaxation effect, cholesterol-lowering effect and diuretic effect, the most fascinating characteristic, increasing the interest of public, is the effects as a cosmetic that are derived from the special composition and contents of unsaturated fatty acids. The oil contains palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Of these, oleic acid is the most abundant acid (about 45-55%) and linoleic acid is also contained in a considerable amount (about 30-35%).
4.2. Vitamins and Antioxidants
In addition to unsaturated fatty acids, Moroccan oil is rich in natural antioxidant, tocopherol, and the oil’s composition is totally different from other vegetable oils due to the high content of unsaturated fatty acids and rare fatty acid, arachidonic acid. Moreover, the oil contains other components; e.g., mineral matters, sterol, phenolic compounds, vitamins, phytosterol, psoralen and carotene. Its composition has been attractive and tightly studied in the world level; however, currently, only a few studies deal with the oil’s biological and medicinal activities.
5. Cosmetic Uses
Moroccan oil is a cosmetic term that has been recently coined to describe the beauty-enhancing properties of argan oil for hair, skin, and nails. Incidentally, all physical beauty and wellness products or properties are considered, independently of other properties. Moroccans have been using argan oil in their beauty regimen for centuries. From hair repair and rejuvenation, hydrating face cream, anti-aging for wrinkles, eczema and acne treatment to moisturizing for dry skin or dull lustrous skin glow and even nail care, argan oil has been the number one choice.
5.1. Hair Care
Argan oil’s nourishing fatty acids and vitamin E promote healthy hair and repair damage caused by heat styling, over-processing, sun rays, and harmful chemicals. After high heat treatment, using argan oil when hair is still damp from washing, or when it is dry, gives it a shine, retards split ends, and makes it more manageable and soft. The oil actually acts to seal the hair cuticle reducing the loss of moisture, so is best applied to dyed hair that gets dry and brittle. A few drops of argan oil can be used on the ends of hair for overnight repair and twice a week oiling.
5.2. Skin Care
Argan oil is also effective in combating the signs of aging on the skin. Fairly recently, skin care creams containing vitamin E were in great demand on the cosmetic market. Now it has emerged that there could be some side effects from using vitamin E because, used externally, it is not absorbed by the body; that is, it could cause increased bleeding by blocking the action of platelet aggregation. This has led to the emergence of an interest in the use of argan oil, a natural source of vitamin E, that does not have the potential side effects of the single compound. There are now creams and lotions that use argan oil, in its natural form or as an emulsion, for dry skin, burns, wrinkles, eczema, and acne treatment.
5.1. Hair Care
Moroccan oil is a natural treatment option for hair that provides many benefits and is increasingly popular in hair products thanks to its moisturizing properties. It is rich in fatty acids and vitamin E, is lightweight and non-greasy, and is easily absorbed by the hair, adding shine and preventing frizz. Moroccan oil can also protect the hair during styling as well as increase its elasticity.
Moroccan oil contains a high amount of a fatty acid called oleic acid, which makes it an excellent moisturizer. This fatty acid and the vitamin E in Moroccan oil makes it an increasingly popular ingredient among products aimed at moisturizing hair, and has softening properties that protect hair from dryness, making it healthier, shinier, and less frizzy. It is also rich in linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid that also has a key role in preserving hair moisture. The moisturizing properties of Moroccan oil make it especially beneficial for dry or damaged hair, preventing split ends.
After applying Moroccan oil, it is not only recommended to dry the hair naturally; it is also very useful to dry it with a hair dryer, as the effect combined with heat will help to seal moisture inside the hair. During blow-drying, the oil will also create a protective barrier to avoid damage from heat styling when using styling products. Thanks to these properties, Moroccan oil can be used in different applications, such as a hair mask, to moisturize it before drying, as a styling product or even to hydrate and prevent frizz in already dry hair.
5.2. Skin Care
To keep skin young and healthy looking, there are special products specially formulated with the right composition of ingredients, such as emollients, humectants, and occlusives. Moroccan oil is a vegetable oil containing emollients and essential fatty acids. This oil is used in several formulations developed for skin care. Cosmetic formulations containing Moroccan oil are suitable for dry, dehydrated skin and for skin that lacks suppleness and elasticity, producing a long-lasting moisturizing effect; they can smooth superficial wrinkles and fine lines, favoring a reduction in transdermal water loss. These formulations can also decrease the pruritus sensation associated with certain dermatoses. The moisturizing effect is based on their action as occlusive agents by preventing transepidermal water loss in the stratum corneum. The emollient effect is favored by the ability of Moroccan oil to strongly diffuse into the stratum corneum. This characteristic is important since it allows the lipids present in the skin to be restored very easily, making topical application easy, lowering the stratum corneum water content, and hence increasing skin elasticity. These actions reduce roughness, scaling, fine lines, and possibly inflammation, making the surface appear smoother. Products containing Moroccan oil are very frequently used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, in which skin barrier dysfunction plays a key role in its physiopathology.
5.3. Nail Treatment
The use of moroccan oil in cosmetics is not only limited to hair or skin but it seems also in other beauty treatments like nails. The use of argan oil in cosmetic products is being recommended to help moisturize the nails. In addition, various studies recommend the use of cosmetic products containing argan oil to help address problems with brittle nails. However, the effectiveness of the oil extracted from nuts in improving nail conditions is still a matter of debate. Brittle nails are a relatively rare condition that is often mistaken as being a common nail condition. It is a specific abnormality of nails that are usually soft, thin, and brittle. They tend to split easily across the nail and bend downward, particularly if they stay wet for prolonged periods of time. Brittle nails are more common in women, particularly those who do housework or are in the food service industry, as exposure to water can make the nails even more brittle. What causes brittle nails is not clear. Apart from repeated exposure to moist conditions, various factors including aging, the shape of the finger, skin condition, vascular disorder, illness, and diet are believed to be the cause. Brittle nails sometimes can occur without any apparent reason. However, a clear cause is less often found in cases of brittle nails in a family with stable traits. Brittle nails, which may be associated with medications and environmental factors, are usually complicated by hangnails. Brittle nails also make the fingertips uncomfortable. Long-term exposure to excessive water and detergents can also worsen brittle nails. Researchers have suggested several possible methods for addressing brittle nails. Suggested methods include the use of treatment products such as lotions and moisturizers, the use of prescription medicines, the treatment of any underlying causes, and the use of finger gloves while washing dishes or clothes, to limit contact with water or detergent. In addition, some researchers have suggested the use of various oils, including almond oil, tea tree oil, and argan oil as moisturizers for brittle nails.
6. Health Benefits
Moroccan oil is touted as a cure-all for a variety of health conditions and is rumored to have significant health benefits. It is frequently advertised as promoting overall health and wellness due to its anti-inflammatory properties, moisturizing effects, and nutritional value.
6.1. Anti-Inflammatory Properties One of the main studies on Moroccan oil’s health benefits is for its anti-inflammatory properties. The results suggest that Moroccan oil holds promise as an anti-inflammatory agent. In a topical use study looking at the use of a cream containing argan oil for patients suffering from psoriasis, a seven-day treatment did not show significant improvement. However, in a follow-up study on adults with psoriasis, researchers found that a mixture of 10% cream and oil applied for 8 weeks was effective in reducing scaling and lesion area.
6.2. Moisturizing Effects Moroccan oil is often said to have moisturizing effects, although research on the cosmetic use of argan oil is often contradictory and unreliable. However, recent research seems to confirm some moisturizing benefits of argan oil on excessive skin dryness. In a study evaluating the effectiveness of a combination of 20% oil and cream in immune-compromised patients with dry skin, moisturizing benefits were noted. Other research indicates that use of a 100% argan oil mixture on three occasions during one day showed some moisturizing benefits. In another study, scientists found that topical use of argan oil led to improvements in skin hydration and elasticity. Conversely, in a study on healthy patients using a 100% oil and cream mixture comparing the moisturizing effect with a commonly used moisturizer, they found no difference.
6.3. Nutritional Value Moroccan oil is rich in vitamin E and unsaturated fatty acids. Researchers examined the levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated oils, the linoleic and oleic acids. Of interest was the ability of Moroccan oil to affect the health of patients’ blood lipids through the addition of fats during mealtimes and the effects of oil on the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
6.1. Anti-Inflammatory Properties
The origins of the primary species, Argania spinosa, is under debate, recent studies indicate that it originated in the semi-arid region of southern Morocco. Argan trees are well known for many interesting and useful properties: they are rich in oilseed, oil-rich and very light, and the oil is high in unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic and linoleic acids. They have many interesting compounds, such as tocopherols, sterols, polyphenols, and squalene. Argania spinosa leaves and fruits are used to treat inflammatory diseases in traditional Moroccan folk medicine. Argan oil, which is obtained from the seed of A. spinosa, has antibacterial, antifungal, anti-acne, and antioxidant properties and high radical scavenging activity and is used in cosmetics products. By European authorities, it has been approved for use in food. Recently, it was reported that argan oil has immunity regulator and anti-inflammatory properties. Among the beneficial effects of argan oil, it is known that the oil can cure skin and hair problems such as psoriasis, acne, and dryness due to the presence of omega 6-unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E.
It is well known that argan oil contains polyphenols and has anti-inflammatory activity. The main polyphenolic compounds contained in argan oil are ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and vanillic acid. Recently, it was shown that the topical application of the polyphenolic-rich fraction of argan oil suppressed inflammatory symptoms and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in an atopic dermatitis model in human epidermal keratinocytes, suggesting that this fraction is beneficial for the treatment of dermatitis. However, the roles of other components contained in argan oil, except polyphenols, remain unknown. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of four major components (oleic acid, linoleic acid, and tocopherols) of argan oil for skin on the inhibition of IL-1α-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in human keratinocytes.
6.2. Moisturizing Effects
Many people around the world use Moroccan Oil to maintain the hydration and health of their skin. Indeed, cosmetics based on Moroccan Oil are very popular for this purpose. However, studies supporting the topical use of Moroccan Oil to treat dry skin are limited. Also, research for the use of Moroccan Oil in hair care is mostly based on in vitro findings or anecdotal evidence. Nevertheless, it is well known that Argan Oil contains a high proportion of oleic and linoleic acids, two unsaturated fatty acids. These compounds may penetrate into the hair shaft, ease detangling and reduce damage caused by styling, manipulation, chemical straightening, perming, and exposure to elements, which helps to prevent hair breakage and loss. The high content of the unsaturated fatty acids may benefit other tissues as well and help to maintain skin hydration. Topical application of unsaturated fatty acids may improve skin barrier function and skin hydration during winter, thus increasing the amount of moisture. In addition, supplements of essential fatty acids can also exert a topical benefit, especially for patients suffering from skin diseases. However, more scientific evidence is needed to support the use of Moroccan Oil to treat dry skin and avoid hair loss. Further, although Argan Oil microencapsulation is a novel and versatile system capable of increasing stability and prolonging the activity of Argan Oil, the stability and activity of the microencapsulated Argan Oil still require improvement. However, to the best of our knowledge, the use of liposomes to potentiate the effect of Moroccan Oil in maintaining skin and hair health has not been reported.
6.3. Nutritional Value
Moroccan oil, also known as argan oil, is a unique oil derived from the nut of the argan tree. It has a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (more than 80%) that are excellent for skin health. It differs from most vegetable oils with respect to its full control over its fatty acid content and the presence of delta-7-stearidonic acid (0.5% to 1%). It has been shown that delta-7-stearidonic acid defends against premature skin aging caused by the accumulation of free radicals and contributes to flavor and water retention in meat.
Moroccan oil also contains a significant amount of tocopherols, especially γ-tocopherol, in addition to phytosterols. γ-Tocopherol, acetyl-β-Tocopherol, and phytosterols have been reported to play important roles in protecting against skin aging. Furthermore, Moroccan oil is a source of bioactive compounds: 9-hexadecenoic acid, octadecenol, squalene, and oleic acid. Squalene is required to maintain skin structure, moisture, and flexibility; it contributes to skin photoprotection and is involved in skin cell proliferation. Phytosterols prevent skin barrier function and help repair skin damage; they are involved in skin wound healing, skin hydration, and skin senescence. Taken together, the unique composition of Moroccan oil and the discovery of bioactive compounds in Moroccan oil suggest that Moroccan oil is a suitable ingredient for antiaging cosmetics.
7. Culinary Uses
The culinary possibilities with Moroccan Oil are seemingly endless; just a few drops of this oil can enhance your favorite baked goods, vegetables, rice or pasta dishes, salad dressings, etc. The strongest bias may be to use it in baked goods, particularly those which are flavored with nuts. Most Moroccan oil producers recommend that you first drizzle a little olive oil on your dish, then add a few drops of Argana oil. Although a French eating habit dictates to mainfat on the oil, it seems that a Moroccan way is rather to dilute the oil in other most prominent flavors of the host dish.
Many people may drink 2-3 cups of tea sweetened with sugar in the day, but it seems that the oil can definitely also be added to green tea. It is worth trying to enhance both the taste and the healthiness of green tea with some drops of Moroccan oil, which will display the anti-oxidant and anti-aging properties of phytosterols. Practically any dish you must optimum would also become a little taste explosion if you choose to flavor with the oil, either at the end of the cooking or when drizzling it on the dish before serving. Another good reason to go to the cost of Moroccan oil is that these doses are relatively small; it would require 300ml of oil to notice the flavor on more everyday food. Indeed, diets enriched in natural Antioxidant, which include the oil, are beneficial for balancing serum lipids; oxidation of lipids and proteins are among the most recognized dietary mechanisms of progression in atherogenic, Alzheimer’s and aging.
There are no obstacles to incorporating small amounts of Moroccan oil in foods and several good reasons not to want to take too much. Most of the ‘flavor’ qualities of the oil are tied to the high level of unsaturated fatty allelic esters or derivatives that at higher concentrations become pungent, somewhat reminiscent of too much garlic.
7.1. Cooking with Moroccan Oil
Argan oil is often recommended for its health benefits. However, in Morocco, most residents use the oil to help prepare foods every day, seeing simply add delicious flavor. In the U.S. and other Western countries, argan oil is generally only used as finishing oil; however, there is no reason one cannot use it in cooking, as long as it is pure, culinary oil. Should culinary oil be used in cooking? Not every oil can be used for cooking. You cannot use the oil for cooking over a specific temperature or use it with high-temperature frying because you’ll degrade the nutrients and flavor. Some oils are heated for cooking and have little or no flavor. Soybean, canola, safflower, sunflower, peanut, and corn oils are examples; they are usable in cooking to a higher temperature and have little flavor. Other oils are used only for finishing. Olive oil, for example, is usable in cooking but best for moderate-heat applications; most people do not use it for frying, for example.
Yet in Morocco, regular consumption of the oil has been found to have more benefits than drawbacks. It is extensively used unheated. In cooking, it is often drizzled over vegetables or into soups, usually with the addition of salt and possibly cumin. Northerners use the oil with fish or seafood; it is poured onto the dish before serving. Lamb dishes often use the oil for dipping too, and it is drizzled over the meat. It also uses the oil for cooking potatoes, lentils, or in couscous.
7.2. Health Benefits in Diet
The oil, an essential element in Moroccan cuisine, is famous for its flavor. Because of its composition, Moroccan oil has many healthy properties. Natural Moroccan oil is mainly composed of oleic acid, which is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid. Therefore, it comes closest to breast milk, especially in important polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as flavonoids which are very powerful antioxidants that protect all cells, especially the arteries, from aging. It is lower in saturated fat than all other types of culinary oil and its phytosterol content is about 9 times higher than that of olive oil, which is the most important factor for heart diseases and cancer. Natural Moroccan oil increases good cholesterol HDL and decreases bad cholesterol LDL.
There are very few oil crops that provide both essential polyunsaturated fatty and palmitic and stearic saturated fatty acids. In addition, it does not inhibit the absorption of carotene, vitamin A, vitamin E, and so on, and is non-toxic. As a result, it does not cause any health problems. For this reason, it is capable of being used daily and for life. The innumerable health benefits in a balanced diet and lifestyle guarantee an excellent life expectancy. In fact, nowadays, the number of centenarians is increasing in Morocco and the number of heart problems is in decreases every year.
8. Market Trends
8.1. Global Demand
The global market for Argan oil is projected to surpass USD 83 million by the year 2024. The oil is mostly used in food production, which constituted more than 90% of the total market share in 2017. In regions other than Morocco, cosmetic and health industries are amongst the major consumer areas of the product, comprising about 70% of demand. The cosmetic segment is projected to grow at the fastest rate in the coming years, owing to increasing per capita disposable income in developing countries and rising awareness regarding the benefits of using chemical-free cosmetic products. Cosmetics constituting of Walnut oil, such as shampoo, moisturizer, and body cream have gained much popularity in the western cosmetic industry, owing to the numerous health benefits offered by the oil. Therefore, the result of the new consumption pattern is both feedback for supplier organizations decision-making with respect to customer satisfaction and source of their competitive advantage. As a result, supplier organizations can develop new strategies that facilitate more effective solutions to these trends, such as the introduction of special products, nutritional or special offers for different types of customers. The main consumers of traditional Moroccan products are foreign tourists. Tourist consumption influences the degree of development of demand.
8.2. Sustainability Issues
Ethical consumerism trends and demand for Fair Trade products seem to be increasing at a faster rate than other market sectors. The failure of many attempts at exporting other types of Fair Trade products has led to many skeptics doubting the sustainability of a Fair Trade market for the oil. These concerns are echoed by a prominent figure who is worried about the sustainable development implications of the threat that the coconut-tree industry poses to the Fair Trade Argan oil market.
8.1. Global Demand
The global argan oil market is expected to record a CAGR of 10.39% during the forecast period, 2018-2026, accounting for $5,776.20 million by 2026. The demand for argan oil for the cosmetics sector dominates the overall demand in reported market regions. This is due to argan oil’s nourishing and restorative properties that help with acne treatment, skin elasticity improvement, and skin hydration. Furthermore, its use in hair oil for reducing hair damage, nourishing, and moisturizing hair is influencing its market demand.
Moroccan oil is an effective solution and a go-to product for anyone in need of natural ailments such as extremely dry hair and scalp, curly and frizzy hair, dry skin, wrinkles, and skin problems due to aging. It is now widely accepted all over the world, whether for skin or hair care; moreover, thanks to celebrity endorsements and an increasing consumerism-driven market, it has become a status symbol to use high-end products that include argan oil as one of the main components. Many of these products are manufactured in various countries; in fact, available data states that in 2020, the USA had the largest market share for cosmetic products containing argan oil, followed by France, Germany, and the UK. France is also a major market for argan oil in Europe.
8.2. Sustainability Issues
The rising interest in natural products has renewed attention to the sustainability problems affecting the cosmetic sector. Lately, the beauty industry has come under scrutiny for its apparent lack of social responsibility, in terms of the choice of raw materials or the negative effects of its products. Cosmetics must not only be safe for human health but also leave a low ecological footprint. The problem should also be addressed at the level of packaging, which is generally made of plastic. Harmful to the environment, this material is often the cheapest option for companies, while still being convenient, light, and safe. In recent years, the high profit margins made by the beauty industry, until the start of the pandemic, have favored the emergence of new market players and smaller niche companies, which challenge the strategists of the major groups. Niche companies have been actively working on developing alternative packaging options, which are not single-use and allow the consumer to stop purchasing so much plastic. In response to growing concerns about the negative environmental impacts of packaging, some companies have launched refillable packages to reduce excess waste, for instance, by making use of recycled materials or more environmentally friendly materials, innovatively using the latest advances in technologies, such as biotechnology, and offering natural cosmetics.
Moroccan oil is a true competitive advantage for brands wishing to set up in the mass-prestige cosmetics area since it seems to provide a solution for a number of key issues that consumers are concerned about. Products with an ethical dimension are more and more appreciated. To assist in the implementation of sustainability in cosmetic companies, the Life Cycle Assessment is a useful tool since it enables any company to assess which phases and components of the product life cycle are the most polluting and which stage should be improved for an optimization of resources and a reduction of pollution. In the case of argan oil, this type of tool must take into account the societal aspect linked to the activity of women in the rural area who market the oil and who are subject to social security programs.
9. Cultural Significance
Perhaps one of the most fascinating aspects of Moroccan oil is the way it has contributed to the culture and identity of Moroccan people from its discovery to this day. Generally known as ‘argan oil’, this precious saliva of Moroccan’s desert is created from the Argania Spinosa tree, as the tree with the camel who is fed on its leaves; and is only produced in large quantities by women of Berber tribes living in the southwest of Morocco. In order to provide their families and communities with some further income, women of these small village sites began to produce argan oil from the almond of the argan fruit, for cosmetic purposes for local Moroccan people in the region. And word spread fast! The oil, rich in vitamin E, became increasingly popular as the benefits became known, as well as the stories of many Berber women who sold their argan oil at the market each day, only to find they had dropped dead from stress and starvation.
Since, in modern society, we have learned to depend a lot on natural food and products, the Berbers started producing for the demand of westerners who had heard the rumors of the magic argan oil; so much so that there are even cooperatives whose work relies solely on the production of argan oil; known as ‘Women Cooperatives’. They either buy the raw product from the villagers or directly act as middlemen and buy and process the oil, for local and export purposes; which has not only generated income for families, but also made the oil more accessible and of warranty to tourists traveling to Morocco.
9.1. Traditional Uses in Moroccan Culture
The deep cultural heritage of Morocco has had a profound impact on the continent, the region and its people. As such, it is no surprise that the uses of first-pressed oil are deeply enshrined in the traditions of the Berber people of Morocco. In Morocco, single-source Argan oil is produced using a centuries-old artisan process and is an integral part of the local economy. The sale of Argan oil provides for the livelihood of Berber women and their families in many villages. Further, the Berbers have a rich oral tradition, including folklore and sayings about the benefits of Argan oil.
According to legend, the goddess of love and beauty found a refuge in the garden of Argane tree where she enjoyed the delicious, very nutritious nuts, produced by the trees. Another legend says that the fruit grows only in the garden of the daughters of the King Solomon who attracted birds to take the fruit from the ground and to bring them to the sky. What is also curious is the saying “A day without Argan oil is a day without light” which the Berber tribes have repeated for centuries. Argan oil is multi-purpose and has been used as food and medicine for generations. It is evident that with Moroccan oil more than just culinary dreams can be fulfilled.
Local people, women in particular, use Argan oil for cooking. It is consumed daily in the form of constant logistics, e.g. soup or as a spreadable food when mixed with honey. Traditionally, the Argan oil is mixed with sugar and consumed for breakfast with coarse bread. Oil is used in different traditional sweets, particularly with almond stuffing. Almoravids used Argan oil for cooking food. It was also commonly used for roasting of meat. Local population use the fruits for squeezing oil for cosmetic and therapeutic help: Chapped lips are applied regularly with oil, like the use of almond oil.
9.2. Modern Adaptations
It is important to note that the cultural significance of Moroccan oil extends beyond its applications and surrounds the artisanship breeding generations of craftsmen who produce it. Largely, these traditions have gone into the modern adaptations of Moroccan oil. This product is present in the invention of modern cosmetics, especially for beautifying and rejuvenating hair that has been damaged chemically, by dyeing or perming, or physically by exposing it to heat and wind. Today, researchers are patenting techniques to enhance the extraction of the active ingredients of Moroccan oil from the Argan tree, probably the best known is the fermentation of the oil. The resultant oil will have a much more intense action and will be applied to global problems of skin care, as in the anti-aging anti-free radical action in areas of the eyes and lip contouring.
At the patent offices, one can find how to improve its action through biotechnology, adding some bases to its composition. These steps have to be taken to the picture of Moroccan oil lost its evocation of an exotic cosmetic, a mere “story” used as a trademark for a cosmetic product. Most recently, companies have situated themselves on the edge of developing the Moroccan Oil concept; they cast doubt on the graceful quality of Moroccan oil isotopes. Furthermore, other countries from Latin America are producing their version of true Moroccan oil. In the Moroccan coast, and throughout the Mediterranean, other countries are finding their own isotopes. In Egypt, France, Greece, Italy and other Mediterranean countries develop or are developing their own traditional or industrial productions, together with products from North Africa or without any proof of traced authenticity.
10. Potential Side Effects
Any beauty treatment or application can have potential side effects. Cosmetic derived from natural oils is also not excluded from risks. In fact, some manufacturers said that some people may get allergic reactions from Moroccan oil. However, they don’t explain why. It’s true that it can be applied on hair and nails without any risk. When used in excessive amount or too often, it can create very oily hair and pores clogged by fat on scalps. This condition attracts germs and causes paronychia and seborrheic dermatitis. These effects come from the usage of products containing argan oil, not pure argan oil. Indeed, not all companies are honest and frequently use diluted oil. Others use fake argan oil. That’s not natural oil from nuts collected by women from Berber tribes. It’s a mixture of cheap oils, fake scents and colorant.
Allergic Reactions
It’s important to be aware of these potential hazards. Allergic reactions can be serious if not treated as soon as possible. In this case or in any case when a product doesn’t agree with your hair, stop using it and go to your doctor. Some persons can have an allergic reaction even for a small quantity of Moroccan oil. Other people may put a small quantity of the product to test different companies. If it’s clear, they may add more quantity to their hair. Everyone has a different skin and hair type. The environment also plays a role. We surely spend more time outside than in the house, given the increase of home-office jobs during pandemic. Indeed, although this oil is quite stable, prolonged exposure to light can affect its composition. Moreover, the frequent use of different products can worsen skin and hair conditions.
10.1. Allergic Reactions
• Moroccan oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, likes oleic and linoleic acids. It also contains components such as tocopherols and phytosterols. The worry is in the manufacturing process which can change the structure of the oil, but any well-made oil should be ok. That’s why one should check for reputable brands, far too much cheap junk product exists
• Oil from the argan tree has been used in Moroccan cuisine for centuries and is derived from the nuts and seeds of the argan tree, which are nuts resembling tiny ones. Most of it comes from Morocco and requires a laborious process of roasting the nuts to extract the oil inside, taking days or weeks. Traditional argan oil cosmetic treatment is particularly effective against dry skin and hair, especially during winter, and chapped lips, dry elbows, and cracked feet. Hair dressed with argan oil becomes shiny and easily manageable, preventing frizz while protecting it from the sun.
• It is also said that argan oil enhances the skin healing process for people suffering from acne, chicken pox, or stretch marks.
• Mousse masks with this oil and other ingredients or body scrubs made with crushed apricot knowing that omega-6 fatty acid is an important component of the skin barrier and plays a crucial role in reducing water loss said to be effective by many dermatologists. But dry skin with its broken membrane might absorb omega-6 faster. Argan oil is believed to help regain skin barrier control.
• While it is believed that argan oil is safe for most people, some rare cases of allergies to argan nuts have been reported. However, the risk factors should be low unless the product is used acutely. In any case, the route of exposure plays an important role.
10.2. Interactions with Other Products
Moroccan oil has become a multi-purpose oil that can be applied like other oils and produce health benefits. Not only can it be consumed, but it can also be used topically. When used topically, it can interact with other products like shampoos, soaps, conditioners, and cosmetics. One of the first products to use Moroccan oil was hair oil containing argan oil. Other cosmetics containing botanical ingredients such as natural extracts could also possibly interact with Moroccan oil. Indeed, many other ingredients are used to produce various beauty products that also promise multiple benefits, including natural oils and plant extracts like lavender, rose, oregano, ginger, chamomile, saw palmetto, bergamot, etc. Used for hair or skin, each of these products has specific properties and provides clear benefits to hair or skin. However, it is impossible to mention the interactions between all these ingredients, and further studies need to be performed.
Therefore, it is suggested to do a patch test prior to using multi-use products containing multiple ingredients. To avoid such risks that may cause unfavorable side effects, this recommendation seems necessary. Indeed, the product may contain a mixture of different emollients, moisturizing agents, skin-conditioning agents, and surfactant-cleansing agents that will interact synergistically or antagonistically with argan oil. These different ingredients which help to clean the skin or hair may also possibly act on argan oil action during the cosmetic procedure or as active agents themselves. Thus, argan oil may have their effects amplified or decreased due to the presence of the other ingredients to determine the effects of argan oil alone.
11. Choosing Quality Moroccan Oil
The rise in the popularity of Moroccan oil products has caused many retailers to stock subpar, imitations of low-quality. The increasing incidence of questions surrounding the origins of and whether an oil is “real” have prompted retailers to start defending their products by stating they contain “99% Organic Argan Oil”. This is a smoke screen. Many so-called argan oils are solely composed of corn and any other ingredients whatsoever, meaning that you could currently be a purchase a product that only on occasion comes into contact with actual argan oil. Argan oil – or 100% organic argan oil at least – should be bottled as close to the source as possible and sold in two major product forms: refined and not refined. Look carefully at the containers of the argan oil products you are considering. The best argan oils are sold in dark bottles that help to keep light from breaking down the oil’s essential fatty acids. Also check the label of the product for a “best by” date. A high-quality pure argan oil, with its high levels of natural Vitamin E and antioxidants, should last for a minimum of two years, from the date of bottling. Products with fake or very little argan oil should not have any “best by” date or have a shelf life of only a few months, extending that by adding in preservatives.
Be wary of a product claiming to be 100% pure argan oil, although it could be “completely pure”, it is unlikely that it will be entirely -100%. It takes a lot of argan oil to make such a product, thus resulting is an item that does not fit in the price range to buy most of this stuff. Check the label of any product you are considering carefully. While it’s doubtful that you would have any adverse response to argan oil, you should know if you’re allergic to nuts or any of the other ingredients in an argan oil product. Use a patch test first if you are concerned about allergic reactions to new products.
11.1. Identifying Authentic Products
Although a few skincare companies out there have developed quality argan oil products, so much Moroccan oil on the market is not authentic or pure. Many products called “Moroccan oil” are really not what they say they are at all. They contain either no argan oil or such a minute amount that one would be better off using a totally different product. Some “Moroccan oil” products are filled with harmful chemicals. Because of this, it is critical to identify argan oil products properly. The following tips will help prevent purchasing second-rate oils.
Do not buy an argan oil product in a bottle that has a spray top, dropper, or open container. Instead, choose a product that is sold in a dark glass or plastic container with a tightly sealed twist and turn top. The product should have an expiration date as well, though the oil will likely remain good for a long time. If the oil happens to be over a year old, look for another choice. In truth, pure argan oil should be a little pricey. This is due to the fact that only the native Berbers know how to harvest the argan nuts properly and extract the oil contained within. When you find a modestly priced argan oil, there is a good chance it’s a low-quality blend. Alternately, a Moroccan oil of this nature may be nothing more than a cheap filler in an expensive-looking bottle.
The best pure oils will contain no other ingredients. When inspecting it, the oil itself should be a light golden-yellow color with a slightly nutty scent. Pay attention to the texture of the oil as well, as it will vary depending on what you are using it for. For instance, cosmetic argan oil should be thin in appearance. Conversely, cooking or culinary grade oil should be somewhat thicker in consistency. If you find an oil that does not match this description, put it back on the shelf.
11.2. Understanding Labels
An ingredient list can provide additional clarification as to what is included in a product. The list will note error, but remember that when reviewing labels to look for organic Moroccan oils. As well, look for other ingredients that fit your needs but choose products that appear to have as few ingredients as possible. If a product includes an ingredient you are concerned about and that ingredient appears high on the list, you may want to think twice about purchasing the product. The higher on the ingredient list an ingredient is, the more of that ingredient is included. The exception to this concern is if the product is highly fragrant and the fragrance ingredients are high on the list. Essential oils are highly concentrated and can cause irritation in some people.
While true Moroccan oil, a natural extract from the nuts of the argan tree, is the same from producer to producer, other ingredients can add or minimize the value of a Moroccan oil product. The other ingredients can manipulate how the product feels when applied to the hair; how it performs; and how appealing the product is, aroma-wise. The key is to understand what those ingredients do, to learn what ingredients work for you, and to read the ingredient label with your needs in mind. Because Moroccan oil products are hot right now, it is essential to do your homework so you know exactly what you are buying. After all, a little bit of Moroccan oil can go a long way, so you want to make sure you are getting the best product for your money.
12. DIY Recipes
Here are a few DIY recipes based on Moroccan oil that you can try at home for various uses! Remember to obtain quality oils from trusted suppliers, as the properties of Moroccan oil vary greatly with quality.
12.1. Homemade Hair Masks
Healthy hair is shiny, flowing and looks really great, but it’s not easy to keep it healthy. Daily wear and tear can damage the outer layer, and harmful chemicals in hair products can do more damage than good. Apply these hair disguise masks once a week for hair that radiates with vitality, moisture, shine and softness.
Moroccan Oil Hair Mask for Damaged Hair 1 tablespoon of shampoo 2 tablespoons of Moroccan oil 1 tablespoon of honey 1 egg Mix together and apply to damp hair, covering liberally. Allow to remain on your hair for 15 minutes before shampooing as usual. Your hair will feel amazing!
Grapefruit Hair Mask 1/4 cup mayonnaise 1/4 cup olive or Moroccan oil or a combination of both 1/4 cup honey 1 whole egg 3 teaspoons lemon juice 11 drops ginger oil Mix the ingredients along with the oil. Apply to hair. Cover with plastic wrap for 30 minutes – up to 2 hours. Shampoo and rinse thoroughly.
12.2. Skin Moisturizers
Natural skin and body care secrets are becoming popular all over the world. Use this nourishing oil blend to pamper your skin!
Moisturize and soften your skin, naturally with Rose Hip Oil & Moroccan Oil Blend
Use this moisturizer daily to nourish your skin from head to toe. 2 teaspoons Rosehip Oil 1 teaspoon Moroccan Oil 1/2 teaspoon Vitamin E Oil Mix together and apply to the areas that needs treatment. You can also use it as a massage oil.
12.1. Homemade Hair Masks
Moroccan oil is ideal for making unique and irresistible homemade hair masks. Indeed, just like for your cream rinses, your hair will be nourished and fortified without being weighed down! Please note that hair must be clean and slightly damp before applying the mask. Woven cloths are useful to section off the hair nicely. Then, if you have time available, you can wrap your head in a warm towel while letting the product act for at least 1 hour. Also note that this type of hair treatment will work best if you apply it at least once a week. The first mask you can easily prepare consists of the following ingredients: 1 whole avocado; 1 tablespoon pure Moroccan oil; 1 small cup of yogurt – 10 drops of rosemary essential oil. This perfect combination of nutrients, especially the avocado and yogurt, will make your hair silky, beautiful and healthy. Mash the avocado and stir in the other ingredients until smooth. Apply on your hair, leave it on for at least 30 minutes and rinse with shampoo. If your hair is very dry, and you want it to be nourished and lightened, you can also use this mask. Mix 1 very ripe banana with 1 tablespoon pure Moroccan oil and 2 egg yolks. Apply on your hair, leave it on for at least 20 minutes and rinse with shampoo. The effect will be absolutely fabulous! Bananas, Moroccan oil and egg yolks are the perfect combination to nourish your dry hair and make it shine naturally.
12.2. Skin Moisturizers
Skin is one of the largest body organs and is, therefore, vital to human existence. The skin composition is complex, consisting of several layers and moisture that protect the body from foreign agents. Thus, skin is constantly exposed to physical and biological insults. Moreover, several environmental factors such as pollution, ultraviolet radiation, and adverse weather can also affect the skin barrier. In these cases, the hydration of the skin becomes vital to restore its properties. Moisture content in the skin induces a topical barrier function, dermal blood perfusion, and sweat secretion. The skin also provides a good appearance and is involved in the protection of body organs. Therefore, skin moisturizers are commonly used. A moisturizer is a topical product that aims to improve and restore the hydration of the skin. Moisturizing creams usually contain occlusives, emollients, and hydrating agents. The occlusives prevent transepidermal water loss from the skin surface; the emollients keep the skin smooth and flexible, while the hydrating agents absorb moisture from the environment and help retaining water in the stratum corneum. Hydration has been correlated with skin loss, dryness, and diseases in some studies.
Moroccan oil has been used over the centuries as a moisturizer due to its chemical composition, including fatty acids, tocopherol, and oxysterols. The tocopherol present in this oil has antioxidant properties, preventing premature aging of the skin induced by free radicals. Besides, it has an anti-inflammatory effect, probably due to its capability to down-regulate interleukin 6 and interleukin 1β secretions. Oxysterols also have anti-inflammatory effects in human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes, although the mechanism is not well elucidated yet. Moreover, it modulates the expression of some collagen and matrix metalloproteinases involved in the repair processes. Therefore, Moroccan oil has been used in formulations for skin hydration. In a previous clinical study, the oil showed significant improvement compared with the control group. After 15 days of treatment, 95% of the patients had soft and supple skin, and 100% had less skin flaking and itching.
13. Conclusion
It is clear that topical beauty products utilizing Moroccan oil are utilized in numerous beauty products for a good reason. People have been using it in its natural state for thousands of years for its healing properties, which have now been proven and used by large companies. Though marketed as just another cosmetic, Moroccan oil does more than add shine to your hair, soften skin, or heal nails. It penetrates deep to the cellular level where the healing begins for your body.
The Argon tree produces nuts, which are ground into a fine powder to extract the oil. This oil naturally contains oleic and linoleic acid for healing. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and anti-oxidants necessary for skin and hair health. It is light enough to absorb into the hair and skin, but still act as a barrier to lock in moisture, protecting the skin and hair from the drying effects of wind and sun. Unlike many topical beauty products, Moroccan Oil, when used in its pure state is safe to use and actually penetrates deep enough to help heal psoriasis and other skin disorders while conditioning your skin and hair. How many vitamins have you taken which actually have penetrated your body enough to help with other issues like sun damage or acne scarring? The convenience of a topical product allows us to heal many sub-dermal issues while addressing the surface issues at the same time. The recent explosion of smearing chemical products onto your skin, which are absorbed into your bloodstream is dangerous. Luckily, the body is capable of healing much of itself if given the right nutrients.
